The week of
August 9th – 16th I attended the Puppeteers of America national
festival at the University of Connecticut.
I spent seven days participating in puppetry workshops and attending
puppet shows. I also visited several
puppet exhibits around the campus. When
I got to the Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, where the “Puppets: Easy to Make! Fun to Use!” exhibit was
housed, this marionette caught my eye so I asked if I could take some
photos.
As I
explained my interest in black dolls to the archivists, they encouraged me to
look through the finding aid for the Phyllis Hirsch Boyson Artifacts
Collection**. Boyson trained as a teacher
in the mid 1950s. She loved sharing folk
tales from different cultures with her students and frequently used puppets to
help act them out. When she passed away,
her family donated over 100 boxes of artifacts and about 6,000 monographs to
the Northeast Children's Literature Collection.
Boyson
sought to provide her students with images representing diverse ethnicities and
cultures but most of the dolls and puppets that were commercially available in
the early years of her career would be regarded as racist stereotypes
today. Having waded through some
radioactive racist waste dumps in other archives, my sense is that Boyson
curated her collection by selecting figures that had a more human character
than most other dolls and puppets of that era. There are more modern dolls and puppets dating through the 1960s and 1970s in the collection including some Shindana dolls. Since my time was limited, however I only requested items from 1940 or earlier.
One of the
disturbing things about black dolls of the early twentieth century is that they
usually depict blacks in menial occupations. This porter is the 1920s idea of a black action figure:
The figure below is a black Frozen Charlotte doll. Such dolls take their name from a 19th century ballad about "Fair Charlotte" who froze to death on a sleigh ride because she was too vain to wrap up and cover her pretty dress. Usually made of china and molded in one piece, Frozen Charlottes were popular from about 1850 to the 1920s. They frequently populated doll house displays. While the provenance and purpose of this miniature diorama remain unknown, the black Frozen Charlotte doll may have been a washroom attendant.
Career opportunities were indeed limited for African Americans in the early twentieth century.
While his head and hands may have been commercially
manufactured, this 1912 bellhop's cloth body was probably hand made:
Notice that his face and hands are a different color from
his body:
This limberjack puppet was also a bellhop:
Although his original control mechanism is missing,
puppeteers probably suspended him from these staples in a way that left their
hands free:
This way they could make him dance by jiggling their knees
while playing a musical instrument. 19th
century audiences found black dancers so entertaining that white performers
began blacking their faces and copying steps from them. Thus was born the minstrel show. Whether he was a toy or a street busker’s
prop, a puppet could be just as amusing as a live entertainer. While this one dates from about 1960, European
street performers used this type of puppet as far back as the Middle Ages.
African
American women often worked as childcare providers so for many people the archetypal southern mammy
evoked warm memories of being nurtured and comforted. Thus mammy dolls and figurines of all types
were very popular before the Civil Rights movement:
This mammy was a souvenir of New Orleans circa 1940. She is very soft and cuddly and unlike some
of the more grotesque caricatures that existed in that time, she has a friendly
face:
Besides providing childcare, African American women frequently served as cooks. One of the
most famous kitchen mammy characters was Aunt Jemima.
African American comedian and dancer, Billy Kersands wrote a song about
“Old Aunt Jemima” in 1875. Kersands was
one of the most acclaimed and highly paid performers on the minstrel circuit
and the Aunt Jemima character became a popular staple in minstrel shows. In 1890 the R.T. Davis Milling Company hired
Nancy Green to portray Aunt Jemima as a spokesperson for their pancake
mix. She traveled the country giving
cooking demonstrations until her death in 1923.
Several other African American women portrayed Aunt Jemima after Quaker
Oats acquired the brand in 1926. Many
licensed products such as dolls and figurines served to further enhance brand
recognition and customer loyalty. This
fellow who was one of Aunt Jemima’s children dates from about 1920.
Paper and printed cloth dolls representing Aunt Jemima, her
husband Uncle Mose, and two to four children appeared in different versions
into the early 1960s.
Wade’s wide red lips impose the minstrel stereotype on his
otherwise realistic features.
His tattered clothes suggest that all African Americans were
impoverished country yokels but at that time, many did suffer economic hardship
in the rural South.
For decades
after the Civil War, many southern states still based their economies on
growing cotton with cheap labor.
Sharecropping became a system of debt peonage that effectively confined
most freedmen and their families to agricultural occupations. This clothespin doll circa 1930 depicts a
woman transporting a basket of raw cotton on her head:
While her face is a more grotesque caricature than most of
the other items in the Boyson collection, she appears to be a handcrafted,
rather than mass manufactured product, possibly a West Indian souvenir.
Thus her crude features may reflect lack of artistic skill along with
a stereotypical image of black women.
In contrast
this figurine dating from about 1920 renders ethnic facial features with skillful attention to detail
despite the stereotypically red lips and cheeks:
Watermelon cultivars are native to Africa.
Enslaved Africans brought the plant and knowledge of how to
grow it to the Americas where it became firmly established in the 17th
century.
Racist stereotypes attributed an inordinate fondness for the
fruit to African Americans and often depicted them as watermelon thieves. Thomas Edison’s fledgling film company
released “Watermelon Eating Contest,” an 18 second short featuring two African
American men eating watermelon in 1896. The film proved so popular a 2-minute re-make with four
contestants followed in 1900. When they were not presented in service occupations, African Americans were usually portrayed as lazy and shiftless. Yet chilling with a juicy slice of watermelon on a hot
summer’s day is a human pleasure that cuts across all races, colors, and creeds.
Still not all black dolls of the era perpetuated racist
stereotypes.
Beginning in the 1930s, Sandra Dogué costumed several series
of Petitcollin’s celluloid dolls for the tourist market in the French
Caribbean, meticulously reproducing details of traditional costume.
The two points on Didine’s madras headdress indicate that
her heart is taken…
…but would-be suitors can still try!
A Bientôt!
**Images reproduced courtesy of the Phyllis Hirsch Boyson Artifact Collection, Archives & Special Collections, University of Connecticut Libraries.
